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| ORIGINAL ARTICLE |
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| Year : 2019 | Volume
: 8
| Issue : 2 | Page : 181-187 |
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Hepatoprotective activity of royal jelly on mercuric chloride–induced damage model in rats
Cyrus Jalili1, Shiva Roshankhah2, Amir Jalali3, Mohammad Reza Salahshoor2
1 Department of Anatomical Sciences, Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah, Iran
2 Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah, Iran
3 Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| Date of Web Publication | 30-Oct-2019 |
Correspondence Address:
Dr. Mohammad Reza Salahshoor
Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah.
Iran
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/jrptps.JRPTPS_27_19
Background: Mercuric chloride (MC) is the chemical composition of mercury and chlorine with many side effects such as oxidative stress referring to mercury toxicity. Royal jelly (RJ) as a honey bee secretion has antioxidant activities. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of RJ against the parameters of hepatic damage in male rats induced by MC toxicity. Materials and Methods: In this study, 48 male rats were randomly assigned into six groups: sham (saline) and MC control (50 mg/kg) groups; RJ groups (200 mg/kg RJ for 1 day and 200 mg/kg RJ for 7 days, orally) and MC + RJ groups (200 mg/kg RJ orally + 50 mg/kg MC intraperitoneally for 1 day, and 200 mg/kg RJ orally and 50 mg/kg MC intraperitoneally for 7 days). Griess technique was used for the determination of serum nitric oxide (NO) level. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) concentrations were determined for liver functional disturbances value. In addition, thiobarbituric acid reactive species, antioxidant capacity, the diameter of hepatocytes, and the central hepatic vein (CHV) were investigated. Results: MC administration significantly increased the liver malondialdehyde (MDA) and NO levels, the mean diameter of CHV and hepatocyte, hepatic enzymes, and decreased tissue Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) level compared to the sham group (P < 0.01). The RJ and RJ + MC in all treatments significantly reduced the mean diameter of hepatocyte and CHV, hepatic enzymes, renal MDA and NO levels, and increased tissue FRAP level compared to the MC control group (P < 0.01). It seems that RJ administration recovers the hepatic injury induced by MC in rats. Keywords: Honey bees, liver/drug effects, mercuric chloride/toxicity
How to cite this article:
Jalili C, Roshankhah S, Jalali A, Salahshoor MR. Hepatoprotective activity of royal jelly on mercuric chloride–induced damage model in rats. J Rep Pharma Sci 2019;8:181-7 |
How to cite this URL:
Jalili C, Roshankhah S, Jalali A, Salahshoor MR. Hepatoprotective activity of royal jelly on mercuric chloride–induced damage model in rats. J Rep Pharma Sci [serial online] 2019 [cited 2023 Jun 6];8:181-7. Available from: https://www.jrpsjournal.com/text.asp?2019/8/2/181/269934 |
| Introduction | |  |
Increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induces the secretion of inflammatory cytokines and lipid peroxidation and elevates the production of nitric oxide (NO) in different tissues.[1] Lipid peroxidation is an important factor involved in inducing oxidative damage in the cell membrane, lipoproteins, and other lipid structures.[2] Lipid peroxidation leads to the generation of peroxides and hydroxides, which causes toxicity in the body and a decline in antioxidant enzymes activity.[3] Mercuric chloride (MC) is the chemical composition of mercury and chlorine with the formula of HgCl2.[4] It is widely used in analytical chemistry laboratories. This substance is transparent white or yellowish in color, acts as a part of chemical reference electrodes, and has been used for the treatment of syphilis. However, it is not used anymore due to mercury toxicity.[5] Rao and Purohit[6] showed that administration of MC significantly reduced the body weight, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione, and increased the lipid peroxidation. MC impairs the cells, cell membrane, and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), which leads to cell necrosis.[7] Some factors such as the increased level of ROS production, inflammatory cytokines, and NO are believed to be involved in MC toxicity in different tissues.[8] Administration of MC causes oxidative stress, which is followed by the production of ROS such as superoxide radical (H2O2) and hydroxyl radical (OH), induction of cell damage by biomembrane lipids destruction, and disruption of cellular metabolism.[9] The oxidative stress induced by lipid peroxidase production causes the hepatic cell membrane damage and triggers the activity of some hepatic enzymes.[10] Presentation of antioxidant compounds can be an appropriate strategy to decrease the oxidative stress-induced damage.[11] Royal jelly (RJ) plays key roles in neonatal growth, completion of special sexual features, and long life of the queen. Hypopharyngeal glands of honeybees by the production of RJ play a crucial role in beehive development, especially queen.[12] The bees feed RJ in the first 3 days and their diet is changed afterward, whereas the queen always feeds RJ.[13] RJ contains a wide range of chemical compounds such as proteins (17%–45% dry weight), royalism (with potent antibacterial properties), apisimin (stimulating the proliferation of monocytes in human), Jelleines (with antimicrobial activity), lipids, fatty acids, carbohydrates, and vitamins (B group vitamins, thiamine, riboflavin, pentatonic acid, niacin, folic acid, and biotin).[14] The antioxidant activity of RJ inhibits the effects of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation and protects DNA against oxidative stress.[15] Kanbur et al.[16] reported that mice fed with RJ had a higher level of 8-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid (oxidative stress marker) in their liver and blood serum, with increased average longevity. Further, Karadeniz et al.[17] showed that the administration of RJ decreased liver toxicity and oxidative stress induced by cisplatin compounds. MC has toxic effects and RJ has numerous beneficial properties, especially antioxidant features. Further, no study has ever investigated the effects of RJ on the MC-induced disorders of the liver. Hence, this study was carried out to explore the effects of RJ on MC-induced impairments of the liver of male rats.
| Materials and Methods | | |
Chemicals and kits
MC is the chemical composition of mercury and chlorine with the formula of HgCl2. HgCl2, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) kits, and all other necessary reagents of analytical grade were bought from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, Missouri). In addition, 20g of the RJ vial (Pars Asal, Shiraz, Iran) was prepared in 1L of sterilized double distilled water in accordance with the instructions of the manufacturer.
Animals
Animals were treated according to the guidelines of animal care and handling developed by the Iran’s Ministry of Health. Forty-eight male Wistar rats (weighing 220–250g) were purchased from Pastor Institute of Iran. The animals were housed in standard cages (three per cage) with control conditions at 23°C ± 2°C and exposed to 12-h light/dark cycle in animal house of school of the medicine. The animals were exposed to care facilities including water and food a week before treatment. All investigations conformed to the ethical and humane principles of research and were approved by the Ethics Committee of Medical Sciences (ethics certificate no. 1397.945).[11]
Groups and treatment
Forty-eight male rats were randomly divided into six groups (eight rats in each group). First group, the sham group that received normal saline (through intraperitoneal [IP] injection) equivalent to the amount of experimental groups. Second group, the MC control group (a single dose of 50 mg/kg of MC IP injection). Third to fourth groups, the RJ administration groups (oral administration of 200 mg/kg RJ for 1 day and 200 mg/kg for 7 days at 10 am). Fifth to sixth groups, MC + RJ administration groups (200 mg/kg RJ + 50 mg/kg MC for 1 day and 200 mg/kg RJ + 50 mg/kg MC for 7 day at 10 am).[4],[16]
Dissection and sampling
Rats related to each group were anesthetized with ether inhalation, 24h after the last injection. Venipuncture of the animals’ hearts (right ventricle) was carried out using a 5-cc syringe. The blood sample was incubated to make a clot for 15min at 37°C. Then the clot centrifuged to separate the serum at 3000rpm for 15min. The serum was stored at −70°C for the measurement of some biochemical parameters of the liver, NO level, oxidative stress, and antioxidant capacity level. Then, the animals’ liver was fixed in 10% formalin solution for histological and morphometric investigations.[1]
Oxidative stress
To assess the oxidative stress by colorimetric analysis, the thiobarbituric acid (TBA) reactive species were measured using malondialdehyde (MDA) as the final product of lipid peroxidation of liver. In brief, three separate solutions each with a volume of 1400 µL including acetic acid (Sigma-Aldrich), TBA (Sigma-Aldrich), and sodium dodecyl sulfate (Sigma-Aldrich) were added to 100 μL of liver homogenate, and the mixture was stirred for 50min. A total of 4mL of 1-butanol (Sigma-Aldrich) was added to the combination and vortexed by centrifugation at 5000rpm for 15min. The absorbance of the higher layer was measured at 532 nm on spectrometer (Spectro; Germany) and sequential concentrations of tetraethoxypropane (Sigma-Aldrich) were used as the external standard. The antioxidant capacity of the liver was measured using Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. The FRAP substance consisted of 30mL of acetate buffer (Sigma-Aldrich) and 1.5mL chloride ferric (Sigma-Aldrich). Briefly, 60 μL of kidney homogenate was added to 1.5mL of newly prepared FRAP substance (Sigma-Aldrich) available in a test tube incubated at 37°C for 10min. The absorbance of the blue-colored complex was read against a blank at 593 nm. Sequential concentrations of FeSO4.7H2O (Sigma-Aldrich) were used as an external standard.[11]
Enzymes
The liver was split and turned into a homogenous solution. To separate the biological enzymes, the obtained solution was centrifuged twice at 10,000rpm for 15min. The supernatant was separated for enzyme measurement. ALT and AST activities were examined by the Reitman and Frankel method. ALP activities were determined according to the procedure set out in the practical laboratory manual.[2]
Nitric oxide assay
NO measured by Griess assay according to the microplate technique. To measure the concentration of serum nitrite, the sample was defrosted and the supernatant (400 μL) was deproteinized by zinc sulfate under the condition of centrifugation (6 mg zinc sulfate powder was mixed with 400 µL serum and vortexed for 1min). A total of 100 μL vanadium chloride, 50 μL N-(1-naphthyl) ethylenediamine dihydrochloride, and 50 μL sulfonamide solutions were added to the 100 μL of the supernatant. Sodium nitrite (0.1 M) was used for the standard curve, and increasing concentrations of sodium nitrite (5, 10, 25, 50, 75, and 100 μM) were prepared. The Griess solution was added to all microplates containing sodium nitrite and supernatant, and finally the reading was obtained through an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) reader (Stat Fax 100, Miami, FL, USA) at the wavelength of 540 nm.[10]
Morphological and histopathological examinations
For histological evaluation of the hepatic structures, a piece of liver just 1cm below the right lobe was removed in transverse section, washed in normal saline, and fixed in 10% formalin. The sample was dehydrated in ascending concentrations of ethanol, cleared by xylene solution, and then embedded in paraffin. Thin sections (4 µm) were cut using a microtome (Leica RM 2125, Nussloch, Germany) and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. For each hepatocyte, the full cellular area was measured. The hepatocyte outline was measured after capturing an image with a 40× objective lens. The maximum and minimum axis was measured for each hepatocyte to obtain the mean axis. At least 50 hepatocytes from each zone were measured in each liver. A separate measurement of central hepatic vein (CHV) was performed using the same assay. The planning was examined with an Olympus )BX-51T-32E01 (research microscope connected to a DP12 Camera with a 3.34-million pixel resolution and Olysia Bio-software (Olympus Optical, Tokyo, Japan).[3]
Statistical analysis
After extracting the data, the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test was conducted first to confirm the data compliance of the normal distribution. One-way analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA) was used for statistical analysis and Tukey post hoc test was used to determine the differences among the groups. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS, New York: IBM, SPSS version 20.0) software, version 16, was used for data analysis, and the results were expressed as mean ± standard error, and P < 0.05 was considered significant.
| Results | | |
Oxidative stress
The results of the oxidative stress testing showed that the liver MDA level significantly increased in the MC control group compared to that in the sham group (P < 0.01). The liver MDA level decreased significantly in all MC + RJ groups compared to that in the MC control group (P < 0.01). Similarly, the MC significantly decreased the liver FRAP level of the MC control group in comparison with that of the sham group (P < 0.01). Administration of RJ significantly increased the FRAP level in the liver in all MC + RJ groups compared to that in the MC control group (P < 0.01). Treatment with RJ in all groups had no significant difference in the liver FRAP and liver MDA levels compared to that in the sham group (P > 0.05) [Figure 1]. | Figure 1: Microscopic images of liver of mature rats in different groups (5 μm, hematoxylin and eosin staining, ×100). Micrograph of the liver section in the sham group (A), normal liver structure. Micrograph of the liver section in mercuric chloride (MC) control group (B), increased white blood and macrophage cells (inflammation) (black arrows), central hepatic vein dilatation (blue arrow), and hyperemia (yellow arrow) due to the oxidative stress caused by MC. Micrograph of the liver section in royal jelly (RJ) (200 mg/kg/7 day) group (C), normal liver structure. Micrograph of liver section in RJ +MC (200 mg/kg/7 day) group (D), normal liver structure
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Liver enzymes
MC led to a significantly increased ALT, AST, and ALP enzymes in comparison with the sham group (P < 0.01). The mean concentration of ALT, AST, and ALP enzymes showed no significant difference in all RJ groups compared to that in the sham group (P > 0.05). Also, in all RJ and MC + RJ groups, significant decrease was recorded in the mean value of ALT, AST, and ALP enzymes in comparison with the MC control group (P < 0.01) [Table 1].
Nitric oxide
The results of blood serum NO level measurement showed a significant increase in MC control group compared to that in the sham group (P < 0.01). The mean NO level in the blood serum showed no significant difference in all RJ groups compared to that in the sham group (P > 0.05). Also, the mean of NO level in blood serum significantly reduced in all RJ and MC + RJ groups compared to that in the MC control group (P < 0.01) [Figure 2]. | Figure 2: Comparison of mercuric chloride (MC), sham, and royal jelly (RJ) groups of: (A) hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) level and (B) tissue FRAP level. *Significant deferent compared to the sham group (P < 0.01). †Significant deferent compared to the MC control group (P < 0.01). ‡Significant deferent compared to the MC control group (P < 0.01).
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Morphometric measurements
The mean diameter of hepatocytes and CHV in experimental groups showed a significant increase between the sham group and the MC control group (P < 0.01). The mean diameter of hepatocytes and CHV showed no significant difference in all RJ groups compared to that in the sham group (P > 0.05). Further, RJ and MC + RJ significantly reduced the mean diameter of hepatocytes and CHV in all treated groups in comparison with the MC control group (P < 0.01) [Figure 3]. | Figure 3: Effects of royal jelly (RJ), mercuric chloride (MC), and RJ + MC on the mean nitric oxide (NO) levels. *Significant increase compared to the sham group (P < 0.01). †Significant decrease compared to the MC control group (P < 0.01). ‡Significantdecrease compared to the MC control group (P < 0.01)
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Histopathological changes
Histological analysis showed normal renal structure in the sham and RJ treatment group. After treatment with MC in MC control group, the liver showed obvious changes and injuries. These anomalies included the increment in white blood cells (inflammation), increased irregularities, sinusoidal dilatation, and the vacuolization hepatocyte (necrosis). Treatment with MC + RJ in all treated groups reduced the renal damage caused by the MC toxicity [Figure 4]. | Figure 4: Effects of mercuric chloride (MC), royal jelly (RJ), and RJ + MC administration on the central hepatic vein (A) and diameter of hepatocyte (B). *Significant increase compared to the sham group (P < 0.01). †Significant decrease compared to the MC control groups (P < 0.01). ‡Significant decrease compared to the MC control group (P < 0.01)
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| Discussion | | |
MC with high mercury content can induce a wide range of damages such as disruption in the development of central nervous system, impairment of retina cells, hepatic and cardiovascular diseases, autoimmune disorders, and allergy.[18] The findings of the current research suggest that MC administration has adverse and destructive effects on liver histology and function, oxidant–antioxidant imbalance, and increase in NO level. The RJ as a natural antioxidant, decrease the side effects of MC administration on the liver. It also recovers the cell damage by reduced MDA level, histology alterations, and the rate of oxidation. This study results also show that RJ is able to reduce the lipid peroxidation (decreased MDA) and to increase the antioxidant capacity of liver causing a reduction in oxidative stress. Consistent with these findings, a large body of studies has shown the antioxidant properties of RJ.[15],[16],[17] RJ seems to inhibit the lipid peroxidation induced by tert-butyl hydroperoxide in the liver.[19] Further, RJ is a lipophilic molecule that is able to inhibit the lipid peroxidation via Fenton reaction.[16] Hesami et al.[20] showed that RJ attenuated the oxidative stress, blood glucose, and lipid peroxidation in patients with type II diabetes, which is in line with the results of this study. Thus, it appears that RJ with its antioxidant properties could reduce the MDA in the treatment groups by inhibiting the production of ROS. This study also indicates the recovery effects of RJ on some liver parameters as well as decreasing the oxidative stress because of the decline in MDA. The toxicity of MC administration can lead to blood, biochemical, and oxidative stress changes. Therefore, the mechanism of MC compound toxicity is implemented by oxidative stress.[4] The findings revealed that the number of hepatocytes in the control group of MC has significantly decreased compared to that in the sham group, whereas the CHV size has significantly increased. In addition, there was a significant increase in the number of hepatocytes and a significant decrease in the size of the CHV in all RJ and MC + RJ groups compared to that in the control MC administration group. Another important finding revealed some changes observed in the liver in the control group of MC administration, including the enhanced state of the sinus spaces, macrophages accumulation around the CHV, and the lymphoid cells penetrated in the portal space, as well as the CHV diameter enlargement. It seems that the invasion of free radicals to hepatic cells causes necrosis in cells of hepatic parenchyma.[1] These cells can induce inflammatory responses in the liver, which leads to tissue damage by mononuclear inflammatory cells. The necrotic cells release pro-inflammatory mediators, which can exacerbate the poison-induced liver injury.[3] Apparently, macrophages are activated in response to tissue injury and release positive mediators, such as the alpha tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-1, and NO.[10] In this study, the macrophages are actually the same as Kupffer cells located in the hepatic sinuses. It may seem that the Kupffer cell accumulation and the secretion of toxic mediators in these areas, with no symptoms of cell death, are involved in the presence of liver toxicity and necrosis.[2] Moreover, production of free radicals and subsequent oxidative stress can be one of the most critical and essential causes of the liver cells death.[1] The results corroborate the ideas of Mumtaz et al.,[21] which suggested that the hepatic injuries and apoptosis induction in hepatocytes can be caused by MC. MC administration, induced of free radical production, may invade to hepatic cells and cause necrosis in parenchymal cells. These cells can trigger the inflammatory responses in the liver and cause the invasion of mononuclear inflammatory cells to damaged tissue. The necrotic cells release the pro-inflammatory mediators, which can exacerbate toxin-induced hepatic injuries.[10] It may seem that the oxidative stress induced by MC administration can produce active ROS with notable examples as hydroperoxides, singlet oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, and superoxide that lead to the destruction of cell, DNA, proteins, and intracellular lipids, and ultimately leads to hepatic injury.[22] RJ appears to carry out a protective effect against hepatic fibrogenesis. This effect is due to the following features such as the polyphenol capacity, inhibitory effect on stellate cells’ activity, disorganization of the signal transduction pathways, and expression of the cell cycle proteins.[23] Stellate cells play a crucial role in the improvement of hepatic fibrosis and oxidative stress.[2] It seems that RJ with its capability can inhibit the P38MAPK phosphorylation in activated lipopolysaccharide of microglia.[24] RJ can exert its anti-inflammatory effects on nuclear factor kappa B pathway. RJ can inhibit the NF-Kβ by reducing H2O2 production, inhibiting the inhibitor kappa β kinase, phosphorylation of P65, and depletion of P65.[25] Silici et al.[26] showed that RJ inhibits the induction of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity through the inhibition of oxidative stress, which is in line with the findings of this study. The results of this study indicate that there are significant differences between liver antioxidant capacity and AST, ALT, and ALP levels in the control MC group and the sham group. Similarly, there is a negative correlation in all treatments between hepatic antioxidant capacity in the control MC group and AST, ALT, and ALP levels in the group that received RJ and MC + RJ. The increase in the activity index of hepatic enzymes that exist in serum indicates the liver injury in this study. Moreover, the findings of Kanbur et al. confirmed the results of this study in that RJ could decrease the serum levels of ALT, AST, and ALP.[16] These enzymes can be released into the blood flow due to the incidence of necrosis or cell membrane damage.[1] It may seem that MC can induce damage to the cell membrane integrity by the inhibition of 1–4 respiratory chain complexes.[27] The results are in agreement with the findings of a study by Emanuelli et al., which revealed that the MC administration in male rats for 1 week induces increased activity of liver enzymes and conversely reduced the total antioxidant capacity.[28] RJ appears to stabilize the cell membranes and prevents the leakage of enzymes by lipid peroxidation prevention.[15] RJ can exert its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects by inducing antioxidant enzymes, adjusting lipid metabolism and reducing lipid peroxidation.[16] The results are consistent with the studies suggesting that administration of RJ reduces hepatic enzymes in diabetic rats and prevents hepatocytes injuries.[29] The results of this study indicate a significant increase in the amount of NO in the serum of the recipient control MC group compared to that in the sham group. Furthermore, a significant decrease of serum NO level was observed in MC + RJ group compared to that in control MC group. It seems that oxidative stress available in cells increases the synthesis of NO synthase, and consequently leads to an increase in nitrite production and decrease in cell survival.[11] Because of the high consumption of oxygen, the mitochondrial dysfunction may increase the production of free radicals such as NO in most tissues of the body, and also it may induce tissue injury, especially in the liver because of the oxidative and nitrosative stress.[1] Administration of MC can significantly increase the amount of nitrotyrosine and NO biomarkers in the liver through the induction of oxidative stress.[30] On the contrary, the antioxidants can damage and degrade the NO system (protein enzymes, substrates, and cofactors), hence can reduce its production.[2] The results are in agreement with the findings of a study by Sugiyama et al., which showed that RJ can reduce NO in morphine-induced damage of liver.[31] The results are in accordance with recent studies indicating that MC by the means of oxidative stress induction is apparently able to damage and degrade hepatocytes, reduce antioxidant capacity, and elevate serum levels of hepatic enzymes and NO. On the contrary, RJ with a potent antioxidant property can reduce the detrimental effects of these destructive substances to some extent. Accordingly, the application of RJ can be a proper strategy to reduce the levels of free radicals and prevent the hepatic injuries of people who are exposed to mercuric drugs, specifically patients.
| Conclusion | | |
It appears that RJ may recover some hepatic damages in rats treated with MC. Hence, it could be considered to improve the histological and functional features of the liver exposed to MC. The study approves the eliminated hepatic oxidant–antioxidant balance as molecular advocator because the administration of MC would supervise the cellular chain reaction, observable either with light microscopy. However, supplementary studies are necessary to accurately describe the mechanisms of the action. RJ activates the oxidant system following MC administration.
Acknowledgement
We gratefully acknowledge the Research Council of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences (No: 97945) for the financial support.
Financial support and sponsorship
This study supported by the Research Council of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
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[Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3], [Figure 4]
[Table 1]
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