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| ORIGINAL ARTICLE |
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| Year : 2021 | Volume
: 10
| Issue : 2 | Page : 198-208 |
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Solid SMEDDS: An approach for dissolution rate enhancement using telmisartan as model drug
Ashish Y Pawar1, Yogesh S Harak1, Santosh R Tambe1, Swati G Talele2, Deepak D Sonawane3, Deelip V Derle4
1 Department of Pharmaceutics, MGV’S Pharmacy College, Nashik, Maharashtra, India
2 Department of Pharmaceutics, Sandip Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nashik, Maharashtra, India
3 Department of Pharmaceutics, Divine College of Pharmacy, Nashik, Maharashtra, India
4 Department of Pharmaceutics, MVP’s College of Pharmacy, Nashik, Maharashtra, India
| Date of Submission | 26-Feb-2021 |
| Date of Acceptance | 16-Oct-2021 |
| Date of Web Publication | 17-Dec-2021 |
Correspondence Address:
Dr. Ashish Y Pawar
Department of Pharmaceutics, MGV’S Pharmacy College, Panchavati, Nashik, Maharashtra 422 003.
India
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/jrptps.JRPTPS_6_20
Bioavailability improvement of poorly water-soluble drugs is a challenging task for many of the drug candidates. In recent years, an area that is ahead in popularity for different formulation expertise is the use of lipid-based careers to formulate self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) for enhancing the oral bioavailability of lipophilic drugs. The self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems (SMEDDS) are thermodynamically stable and isotropic solutions containing an oil, surfactant, co-surfactant (CoS; or solubilizer), and mixtures of drug which forms oil-in-water microemulsions when incorporated in water and stirred. Different techniques are available to convert liquid–self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems (L-SMEDDS) to solid among which an adsorption technique is economical and very simple. The solid–self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems (S-SMEDDS) of telmisartan (TEL) was developed in the present study which is a poorly water-soluble drug. Different formulations of L-SMEDDS were developed using Capmul PG 8 as oil, Cremophor RH 40 as a surfactant, and Transcutol P as a CoS and were later transformed to S-SMEDDS. The formulations were assessed for dilution study by visual observation, differential scanning calorimetry, analysis of solid S-SMEDDS morphologically, in vitro dissolution test, zeta potential measurement, etc. Significantly higher drug release was observed from S-SMEDDS as compared to plain TEL. Hence, it can be concluded that the adsorption technique is a promising approach for the formulation of S-SMEDDS with improved dissolution rate and concomitantly bioavailability. Keywords: SMEDDS, solubility, telmisartan, zeta potential
How to cite this article:
Pawar AY, Harak YS, Tambe SR, Talele SG, Sonawane DD, Derle DV. Solid SMEDDS: An approach for dissolution rate enhancement using telmisartan as model drug. J Rep Pharma Sci 2021;10:198-208 |
How to cite this URL:
Pawar AY, Harak YS, Tambe SR, Talele SG, Sonawane DD, Derle DV. Solid SMEDDS: An approach for dissolution rate enhancement using telmisartan as model drug. J Rep Pharma Sci [serial online] 2021 [cited 2023 Sep 26];10:198-208. Available from: https://www.jrpsjournal.com/text.asp?2021/10/2/198/332773 |
| Introduction | |  |
The most of new chemical entities under progress today are sparingly soluble and have poor bioavailability.[1] Different formulation approaches were reported to tackle these problems, which include the use of cyclodextrins, surfactants (S), solid dispersions, drug nanoparticles, lipids, permeation enhancers, and micronization.[2] The success of these approaches is limited because it requires longer processing time, specialized types of equipment, complicated manufacturing processes, and regulatory hurdles. In current years, an area that is having wide popularity with formulation development scientists is the use of lipid-based careers to formulate self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems (SMEDDS) to enhance the bioavailability by the oral route of several lipophilic drugs.[3],[4]
SMEDDS are thermodynamically stable and isotropic solutions containing an oil, S, co-surfactant (CoS; or solubilizer), and mixtures of drugs which form oil-in-water microemulsions when incorporated with water and stirred. The drug in a dissolved form can be easily obtained because of the spontaneous formation of emulsion and the small droplet size produced provides a large interfacial surface area for absorption. Therefore, faster drug release from emulsion in a reproducible manner can be obtained with such a system.
Release characteristics of SMEDDS are independent of the fed/fasted state of the patient as well as gastrointestinal physiology. Microemulsion formation is independent of the dilution factor. SMEDDS also inhibits P-glycoprotein reflux, which will lead to an increase in the bioavailability of the drug. The system also promotes lymphatic transport of drugs and inhibits CYP-450 enzyme and thus will prevent high first-pass metabolism of telmisartan (TEL).
TEL is an angiotensin-II receptor antagonist. It is used alone or with thiazide diuretics to treat hypertension, chronic stable angina pectoris, and prinzmetal’s variant angina.[5] TEL is practically insoluble in water (<8 mg/L at 37°C) with a partition coefficient (logP=7.7). It has high first-pass metabolism due to cytochrome P-450, cytochrome-3A4, and P-glycoprotein reflux; therefore, it has only 42% absolute bioavailability.[6] TEL also showed pH-dependent solubility and food effect on absorption. In the present study, an attempt was made to increase the solubility and in vitro dissolution of TEL by formulating it as SMEDDS for filling into hard gelatin capsules. The formulations using medium-chain triglycerides and polyglycolyzed glycerides as S were developed. The formulations were evaluated for their ability to form microemulsions based on the size of the droplet, dissolution characteristics, and zeta potential.
| Materials and Methods | | |
Materials
TEL was obtained as a genius sample from Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Ltd, India; Capmul PG 8, Capmul MCM, Captex-300, and Captex-355 were obtained from Abitech Corporation, WI. Oleic acid and sunflower oil were obtained from Fine Chemicals, Mumbai. Cremophor RH 40, Tween 80, Tween 20, and Span 20 were obtained from Colorcon Asia Pvt. Ltd, Singapore. Poly-ethyelene glycol (PEG 400), Transcutol P, and methanol were purchased from a local vendor.
Excipient screening—solubility studies
The shake flask method was used to determine the solubility of TEL in different oils, S, and CoS.[7] The extra quantity of TEL was added to each vial, having 2 mL of the particular vehicle i.e., oil, S, or CoS. The sonication was done for 10 min after sealing and heated for 40°C in a water bath to aid in the solubilization and proper mixing of TEL with the vehicles. These formulated mixtures were kept for 48 h in Orbital Shaking Incubator (REMI; DGS-2) for proper shaking maintained at room temperature. After 48 h, each vial was removed and kept for centrifugation at 3,000 rpm (revolution per minute) for 10 min using a centrifuge (REMI; Centrifuge-GBLC/71188). The drug which remains undissolved was separated by filtering the solution through 0.44 μ Whatman filter paper. Later methanol was used to dilute these aliquots of filtrates and the concentration of dissolved TEL was quantified by UV spectrophotometry at 294.80 nm.[8],[9]
Selection of surfactant
A selection of best surfactant from a large pool of surfactant was carried out on the source of water uptake capacity,[10],[11] emulsification study,[12],[13] and % transmittance study. For the water uptake study selected oil and various S were mixed in the ratio of 1:4 and agitated to form a homogenous mixture using a magnetic stirrer (REMI; 2MIH). Oil-S mixture (1 mL) was placed in test tubes, and water was added dropwise till the system became turbid; then titration was stopped, and the volume of water uptake was noted.
The oil-S mixture (1 mL) was added in a dropwise manner into 400 mL distilled water for determination of % transmittance and was measured using UV-visible spectrophotometer at 680.2 nm. The oil and S were mixed in a 1:3 ratio for emulsification study and further heated at around 40–50°C and agitated to form a homogeneous mixture. The ratio given in literature was used (oil: S) for spontaneously emulsifying type III system. Oil and S mixture was incorporated in distilled water in 1:100 ratio and then visually assessed using the reference grading system as per [Table 1].[14] | Table 1: Grading system for self-emulsification property of self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems
Click here to view |
Selection of co-surfactant
A CoS was added to get a more efficient self-emulsification system. The results of water uptake capacity, emulsifying study, and % transmittance study were used (described above) to select the CoS.[15],[16] The S was mixed with selected CoS in a 2:1 ratio to screen the CoS. The oily phase was incorporated into this mixture in a 1:3 ratio with gentle heating and agitated smoothly to form a homogeneous mixture.
Construction of pseudo-ternary phase diagram
The construction of a pseudo ternary phase diagram was done for oil, S/CoS (Smix), and water using the water titration method.[17],[18] Ternary mixtures were formulated by changing the composition of S, CoS, and oil. The S and CoS in varied ratios of (1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 1:3) were used and mixed. For the phase diagram of each, oil and specific S to CoS ratio were mixed methodically in varying ratios from 1:9 to 9:1 in separate conical Flask. Different nine combinations of oil and Smix (i.e., 1:9, 2:8, 3:7, 4:6, 5:5, 6:4, 7:3, 8:2, 9:1) were formulated to cover extreme ratios for the study. The oil/Smix was formed which is transparent and homogeneous by stirring for 5 min and obtained mixture was titrated with water and detected for flowability and phase clarity. When the system turns bluish or turbid, titration was stopped, and this point is used to determine the quantity of oil, S, and CoS. The results obtained were used to determine the boundaries of the microemulsion domain. The effect of drug incorporation on the microemulsion boundary was also determined. The Chemix school software version 3.5 was used to construct the phase diagram.
Formulation of SMEDDS batches
A series of A-J SMEDDS formulations specified in [Table 2] were formulated using Capmul PG 8, Cremophor RH 40, and Transcutol P.[19] The proportion of oil, S, and CoS was determined by the pseudo ternary phase diagram. In the formulation batch A–E, the level of TEL was kept constant as (1%), and in formulation batch F–J, the level of TEL was kept constant as (2%). Briefly, in a glass vial, accurately weighed TEL was placed and oil, S, and CoS were also incorporated. The ingredients were further agitated by gentle stirring and were heated at 50°C until TEL was perfectly dissolved. This mixture was placed at room temperature until further use.[20]
Characterization of SMEDDS
Effect of dilution media pH in SMEDDS (Dilution Studies)
This study used to mimic conditions in of the gastrointestinal tract upon oral administration of pre-concentrate SMEDDS.[21] The effect of dilution on pre-concentrate SMEDDS was studied. In this study, particular formulations were imperiled to various dilutions (i.e., 1: 10, 1:50, and 1:100) by using 0.1N HCl and distilled water.
Percentage transmittance
The SMEDDS formulation (1 mL) was diluted with distilled water (100 mL). The spectrophotometric method was used to determine the percentage transmittance at 680 nm using distilled water as a blank.[15]
Self-emulsification and precipitation assessment
A visual assessment method was adopted to evaluate the self-emulsifying properties of SMEDDS formulations. The formulations were exposed to test the speed of emulsification, apparent stability, and clarity of the resultant emulsion and further categorized as per [Table 1]. Visual assessment was made by adding the SMEDDS pre-concentrate into distilled water (250 mL) or 0.1 N HCl in a dropwise manner. The glass beaker was used to carry out this test (at room temperature) and the contents were gently agitated magnetically at 100 rpm. The formulations were visually examined to find the in vitro performance using the grading system shown in [Table 1]. The visual inspection of the resultant emulsion was carried out after 24 h to check the precipitation. The formulations were then classified after 24 h as
Clear (transparent with a bluish tinge or transparent)
Nonclear (turbid)
Stable (without precipitation at the end of 24 h)
Unstable (presenting precipitation within 24 h)
Droplet size measurement
A SMEDDS formulation (1 mL) was diluted with 100 mL distilled water with constant stirring using a glass rod. The formulated emulsion was then exposed to particle size analysis. The droplet size distribution of the resultant microemulsion was determined by dynamic light scattering with particle size apparatus (Malvern Zetasizer, United Kingdom; Ver.5.03010).After equilibrium, the particle size was recorded. The formation of SMEDDS is taking place if droplet size reduction below 50 nm is carried out, which are isotropic, stable, and clear. This is an important factor in self-emulsification for the determination of the rate and extent of drug release including stability of the emulsion.
Drug content determination
A TEL SMEDDS (1000 mg) was solubilized in 100 mL of methanol in a volumetric flask separately. One milliliter of the stock solution was measured accurately and then transferred to a 10 mL volumetric flask to which 10 mL methanol was incorporated. Whatman filter paper is used to filter this solution. The above solutions were analyzed by UV Spectrophotometer at λmax 294.80 nm. The amount of TEL present in the formulation was determined using the prepared standard calibration curves of TEL in methanol.
In Vitro dissolution studies of liquid–self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems
A quantitative in vitro release test was carried out in 900 mL of buffer pH 1.2 using US Pharmacopeia dissolution apparatus–I (basket). The basket was rotated at 100 rpm. The hard gelatin capsules (0 sizes) were used for the incorporation of liquid–self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems (L-SMEDDS) formulations and the in vitro drug release was studied. The plain drug and marketed formulation results were compared. In this study, a 5 mL sample of the medium was taken out from the flask and analyzed using UV spectrophotometrically at 291.4 nm. The removed volume was replaced each time with 5 mL of fresh medium. Dissolution studies were also performed in distilled water and phosphate buffer pH 7.4 to examine the effect of pH on drug release.
Viscosity determination
The structure and type of microemulsion system were characterized by rheological measurements. The viscosity of optimized microemulsion was evaluated by a viscometer (Brookfield LV DV-II + Pro) using a small sample adaptor 31 spindle at 5, 10, 20, 50 rpm. Experiments were performed in triplicate for the sample.
Preparation of S-SMEDDS
In 100 mL distilled water, maltodextrin (10 g) was dissolved by the use of a magnetic stirrer.[22],[23] Then the optimized formulation of L-SMEDDS (10 g) was then added with constant stirring, magnetically stirred to obtain a good o/w emulsion. The emulsion was spray-dried with a spray drier (Labultima; U-222) under the following conditions given in [Table 3].
Evaluation of solid S-SMEDDS
Dilution study by visual observation
To study the effect of dilution on solid–self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems (S-SMEDDS), a dilution study was carried out.[22],[23] In 100 mL of distilled water (in a glass beaker), S-SMEDDS (100 mg) were introduced that was retained at 37°C and the contents were agitated slowly using a magnetic stirrer. When clear microemulsion is formed, it is qualitatively designated as “good,” and when there was a turbid or milky white emulsion formed, it is termed as “bad” based on the emulsification ability of S-SMEDDS.
Differential scanning calorimetry
The compatibility of TEL with other excipients in the S-SMEDDS was studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The sample of about 2.5 mg was positioned in standard aluminum pans and dry nitrogen was used as effluent gas. The sample was scanned at a heating rate of 10°C/min between 40 and 300°C and 40 mL/min nitrogen flow. The differential scanning calorimetry gave an idea about the crystallinity of S-SMEDDS. It also allows us to study possible degradation pathways of the materials.
Morphological analysis of S-SMEDDS
The S-SMEDDS were studied for their macroscopic structure using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM; FEI, the Netherlands) which is operating at 10 kV. The sample was placed on SEM stub and then coated with a thin layer of gold.
In vitro dissolution test of S-SMEDDS
A S-SMEDDS containing 10 mg of TEL were filled into a hard gelatin capsule (Capsule no. 00), and a dissolution test was carried out as described previously in distilled water, hydrochloric acid buffer pH 1.2, and phosphate buffer pH 7.4.[23]
Zeta potential and particle size measurement
Zeta potential and particle size were determined by Zetasizer, Malvern) was observed at 25°C at a scattering angle of 173°. The formulations were incorporated in water (diluted 100 times) and then positioned in an electrophoretic cell for measurement.[23],[24]
| Results and Discussion | | |
Compatibility study
The thermogram of DSC of TEL, maltodextrin, TEL, and maltodextrin mixture are given in [Figure 1]. The thermograms of both TEL and the physical mixture of TEL and maltodextrin exhibited a sharp peak at 270.07°C and 269.70°C representing the melting point of TEL. The thermogram of polymer (maltodextrin) showed an endothermic peak at 222.53°C, which corresponds to the melting point of maltodextrin. The ratio for a drug:KBr (Potassium bromide), mixture:KBr, maltodextrin:KBr were maintained at (1:99). It is been shown [Figure 1] that the intensities of the thermograms are different. This is due to the weight of TEL in the mixture (TEL and maltodextrin in 1:1 ratio) which was less as compared to the thermogram of plain drug TEL. From the and DSC studies, it was concluded that the excipient and drug did not interact and are compatible. | Figure 1: DSC thermogram of telmisartan, mixture, and maltodextrin. DSC = differential scanning calorimetry
Click here to view |
Solubility studies
Solubility of TEL in CoS, S, and oils is shown in [Figure 2], [Figure 3], and [Figure 4], respectively. Solubility studies were performed in triplicate and the result presented as mean with standard deviation. As shown in the figures, TEL exhibited good solubility in the Capmul PG 8 among the oils. Enhanced solubility of the drug is observed in medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) than low chain triglycerides because MCT possesses higher ester content per gram than long chain triglycerides (LCT); therefore, the drug has higher solubility in MCT than LCT. Thus for further studies, Capmul PG 8 as oil was selected. In the case of S, the drug exhibited good solubility in Cremophor RH 40, Tween 80, and in CoS Transcutol P, PEG 400 showed good solubility.
Selection of surfactant
The selection of S and CoS was ruled by their emulsification efficiency for the selected oily phase instead of their ability to solubilize the drug. Three nonionic S, namely Cremophor RH 40, Tween 20, Tween 80, were chosen for screening. S was selected collectively based on the emulsification study, % transmittance study, and water uptake study as shown in [Table 4] and [Table 5], which distinguished the ability of S to emulsify selected oil phases. Tween 80 showed better ability to emulsify Capmul PG 8 whereas, Tween 80 and Tween 20 showed less water uptake capacity compared to the combination of them and shows poor emulsifier. Also, Cremophor RH 40 shows a better ability to emulsify Capmul PG 8 and a high-water uptake capacity. From this study, Capmul PG-8 as oil, RH40 as S was selected for further formulation and development.
Selection of co-surfactants
[Table 6] shows the efficacy of CoS to enhance the emulsification of S. Propylene glycol cant form a clear solution with selected oil and mixed S and also has very less percentage of transmittance and water uptake capacity. PEG 400, Transcutol P, and hydrophilic CoS increased spontaneity of microemulsion formation and showed clear solution along with good water uptake capacity and, therefore, were selected for further studies. The proportion of S and CoS is the same throughout the study clearly shows the ability of CoS to improve the emulsification of S.
Construction of pseudo-ternary phase diagram
The pseudo ternary phase diagram was constructed to obtain concentration ranges of components for the formation of microemulsions. With only gentle agitation, self-micro emulsifying systems form fine o/w emulsions upon their addition into aqueous media. CoS and S are first adsorbed at the interface, decreased the interfacial energy, and also provided a mechanical barrier to coalescence.
The results of solubility studies and screening of S Capmul PG 8 were selected as the oil phase, Cremophor RH 40 as S, and Transcutol P as the CoS. For the construction of phase diagrams, purified water was used as an aqueous phase. Pseudo-ternary phase diagrams of S and CoS (S.mix), oil, and water but without drug incorporation were plotted. From pseudo-ternary phase diagram [Figure 5B] it is evident that Capmul PG 8 + Cremophor RH 40 + Transcutol P, system have larger micro emulsification region compared with Capmul PG 8 + Tween 80 + PEG 400, Capmul PG 8 + Cremophor RH 40 + PEG 400, and Capmul PG 8 + Cremophor RH 40 + Tween 80 systems.
[Figure 6] showed phase diagrams in the presence of the drug, the incorporation of the drug, and large the microemulsion existence area if TEL (20 mg/g) was added into the formulation because the introduction of the drug in the lipid phase led to the growth of the lipid phase and consequently a need for a higher S/CoS ratio for stabilization. | Figure 6: Capmul PG 8 + Cremophor (CRH) RH 40 + Transcutol P (with drug)
Click here to view |
Therefore, due to the larger micro emulsification area and greater capacity for oil incorporation indicates improve drug loading. From this pseudo-ternary phase diagram study, Oil (Capmul PG 8: 50–90%) and S/CoS (Cremophor RH 40/Transcutol P: 10–50%) were selected for further formulation and development.
In conclusion, the study is very important to identify
- Microemulsion formation area.
- The ratio of S to CoS on it and maximum oil incorporation.
- It also helped to determine a suitable ratio and concentration range of various components for the formation of SMEDD.
Based on the pseudo ternary phase diagram, ten different preliminary batches of SMEDDS were made using Capmul PG 8 as oil (10–50%), Cremophor RH 40 (30–60%), and Transcutol P (15–30%) and were selected for forwarding characterization through Self-emulsification and precipitation assessment, dilution study, % transmittance study, particle size analysis. First, all ten bathes were passes the test for dilution studies and % transmittance study. After that all batches were subjected to self-emulsification and precipitation assessment; from these batches, A–E passed the test, but batches F–J showed signs of precipitation when subjected to precipitation test for 24 h. Therefore, batches A–E were used for further formulation and development. Lastly, during optimization, selected formulation bathes were put through to particle size analysis; formulation batch A showed low particle size, which might be because of low oil concentration (10%) and due to Transcutol P which was more hydrophilic and easily penetrates the S layer and shows low particle size.
Evaluation of S-SMEDDS
Dilution study by visual observation
To assess the self-emulsification of S-SMEDDS, a visual test was carried out in 100 mL distilled water at 37°C under gentle stirring. It is observed that S-SMEDDS showed spontaneous micro emulsification. Also, microemulsion was stable with no signs of phase inversion or phase separation even after 2 h.
Differential scanning calorimetry study
The compatibility of TEL with other excipients in the S-SMEDDS was studied using DSC. DSC curves of pure TEL, the physical mixture of TEL and maltodextrin (1:1), and the S-SMEDDS of TEL are depicted in [Figure 7]. Pure TEL showed a sharp endothermic peak at 269.07°C. The physical mixture exhibited small endothermic peaks for the drug. This effect could be attributed to dilution by maltodextrin. Maltodextrin did not show any peak over the entire range of the tested temperatures. No obvious peak of the drug was found in the S-SMEDDS of TEL showing that the drug must be present in a molecularly dissolved state in S-SMEDDS. | Figure 7: DSC thermogram of telmisartan, telmisartan + maltodextrin mixture, S-SMEDDS, maltodextrin. DSC = differential scanning calorimetry, s-SMEDSS = solid–self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems
Click here to view |
Morphological analysis of S-SMEDDS
[Figure 8] showed that S-SMEDDS appeared as smooth-surfaced S-SMEDDS particles, indicating that the L-SMEDDS was adsorbed or coated inside the pores of maltodextrin and with a lesser amount of aggregation. | Figure 8: SEM images of S-SMEDDS (magnification ×500; scale = 50.0 μm). S-SMEDDS = solid–self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems
Click here to view |
In vitro dissolution studies
In vitro dissolution study revealed [Figure 9] that S-SMEDDS also released more than 85% of the drug within 20 min and almost 95% up to 30 min irrespective of pH of dissolution media. This showed that drug releases from S-SMEDDS were found to be comparatively higher as compared to plain TEL. | Figure 9: In vitro release study of S-SMEDDS. S-SMEDDS = solid–self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems
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Zeta potential and particle size measurement
The Zeta potential of the liquid systems is of considerable importance from the stability point of view. The systems having zeta potentials between +30 and −30 show good stability profiles. In this study, the zeta potentials of the formulations were −18.5 and −23.0 for L-SMEDDS and S-SMEDDS, respectively [Figure 10] and [Figure 11] which was less than −30 showing good stability. The particle size of S-SMEDDS was found to be 150 nm as shown in [Figure 12]. | Figure 10: Zeta potential of optimize liquid SMEDDS formulation. SMEDDS = self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems
Click here to view |
 | Figure 11: Zeta potential of S-SMEDDS formulation. S-SMEDDS = solid–self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems
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 | Figure 12: Particle size distribution of S- SMEDDS formulation. S-SMEDDS = solid–self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems
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| Conclusion | | |
The study concluded that S-SMEDDS of TEL formulated by adsorption process using maltodextrin represents good flow properties and drug content. The microemulsion with a micrometric range is formed after reconstitution. The in vitro drug release was comparatively higher than that of plain TEL. Hence adsorption process using maltodextrin as a solid carrier may efficiently formulate S-SMEDDS which enhance dissolution rate and intestinal permeability and concomitantly bioavailability.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interests
There are no conflicts of interest.
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[Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3], [Figure 4], [Figure 5], [Figure 6], [Figure 7], [Figure 8], [Figure 9], [Figure 10], [Figure 11], [Figure 12]
[Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3], [Table 4], [Table 5], [Table 6]
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