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| ORIGINAL ARTICLE |
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| Year : 2022 | Volume
: 11
| Issue : 2 | Page : 212-221 |
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Biodistribution study of pantoprazole sodium in rodent tissues: A tool for pharmacokinetic study
Bhargavi Desai1, Praful Dedhiya1, Ditixa Desai1, Ruchi Vyas2, Bhavin Vyas1
1 Maliba Pharmacy College, Uka Tarsadia University, Bardoli District, Surat, Gujarat, India
2 Dr. Dayaram Patel Pharmacy College, Bardoli District, Surat, Gujarat, India
| Date of Submission | 16-May-2022 |
| Date of Acceptance | 09-Aug-2022 |
| Date of Web Publication | 23-Dec-2022 |
Correspondence Address:
Bhargavi Desai
Maliba Pharmacy College, Uka Tarsadia University, Bardoli District, Surat 394350, Gujarat
India
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/jrptps.JRPTPS_71_22
Background: Pantoprazole sodium is one of the most widely used drugs for treating gastric acid–related disorders as well as is the most popular drug among various cancer therapy protocols for treating gastric disturbances pertained to the chemotherapy. The present study aims to validate high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the quantification of pantoprazole sodium in mice plasma and various tissue homogenates including kidney, heart, prostate, lung, pancreas, liver, and brain. Pantoprazole sodium estimation was done using 100 μL aliquot, which was injected into HPLC system, and the separation was achieved using Shimadzu C18 column at 40°C. Mobile phase composed of acetonitrile/dibasic phosphate buffer (40:60, v/v), pH = 7.4 was isocratically pumped at 1.0 mL min-1, and detection was performed at wavelength of 290 nm. Material and Methods: All the samples including tissues and plasma were collected after 4 h of oral administration of pantoprazole sodium to Swiss albino mice (10 mg/kg, p.o.). Results: Bioanalytical method was further validated according to the standard guidelines and portrays to be selective as well as linear (r2 ≥ 0.999) over the concentration range of 10–50 ng/injection. The intraday (% relative standard deviation [RSD] = 0.29%–1.21%) and inter-day precision (%RSD = 0.52%–2.88%) was found to be within the layout standards by International Council for Harmonization. Pantoprazole sodium extraction recovery was achieved between 64.15% and 78.17% demonstrating the suitability of the method. Conclusion: Bio-distribution study so carried out by bioanalytical technique can be used as an aiding tool for the quantification of pantoprazole sodium in all the studies involving the pharmacokinetic profiling of drug in various tissues of rodents. Keywords: Bioanalytical method, liquid chromatography, pantoprazole sodium, pharmacokinetic, tissue distribution
How to cite this article:
Desai B, Dedhiya P, Desai D, Vyas R, Vyas B. Biodistribution study of pantoprazole sodium in rodent tissues: A tool for pharmacokinetic study. J Rep Pharma Sci 2022;11:212-21 |
How to cite this URL:
Desai B, Dedhiya P, Desai D, Vyas R, Vyas B. Biodistribution study of pantoprazole sodium in rodent tissues: A tool for pharmacokinetic study. J Rep Pharma Sci [serial online] 2022 [cited 2023 Jun 6];11:212-21. Available from: https://www.jrpsjournal.com/text.asp?2022/11/2/212/365001 |
| Introduction | |  |
Pantoprazole [Figure 1], 5-(difluoromethoxy)-2-[(3, 4-dimethoxy-2-pyridyl) methylsulfinyl]-1-H benzimidazole sodium sesquihydrate, a hydrophilic molecule has been used for more than three decades for acid-related disorders. Being a member of the class proton-pump inhibitor (PPI), pantoprazole works by inhibiting the H+/K+ adenosine triphosphatase enzyme system (the proton pump) of the gastric parietal cell. Because of its high susceptibility to degradation in an acidic gastric environment, it is formulated as a gastroresistant pharmaceutical dosage form.[1],[2],[3],[4]
Pantoprazole, compared with other members of the class, has shown a better pharmacokinetic profile as it is most stable in neutral as well moderately acidic conditions and also has not much interaction with cytochrome P450 system and thus being one of the PPIs with lesser known drug–drug interactions.[5],[6]
Pantoprazole being a highly protein bound drug, much less has been known about the distribution of pantoprazole into different tissues. Also, keeping in mind of the fact that pantoprazole has shown to increase the antitumor activity with various chemotherapeutic agents such as doxorubicin in experimental tumors. The quantification of pantoprazole in human urges to understand its distribution in various tissues for a better therapeutic approach with optimal dose regimes.[2]
Various analytical techniques have been reported in the literature for the estimation of pantoprazole in various dosage forms alone or in combinations.[7] Many modified methods for the estimation of the pantoprazole within biological fluids, i.e., either serum or plasma in rodents and humans, have been established including spectrophotometry,[8],[9] capillary electrophoresis,[10] voltammetry,[11] polarography, and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).[6],[9]
Bhaskara et al. (2011) established a method with liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry for the estimation of pantoprazole sodium in urine samples. The method however can be claimed as a sensitive one but at the same time renders the feasibility on account of the cost.[12] Considering the existing established high performance thin layer chromatography methods for the quantification of pantoprazole sodium in various samples including human plasma[2],[3] or urine samples, scarcity has been observed in data available for the quantification of pantoprazole sodium in various tissues of rodents.[13] However, in vivo studies have been reported that of quantification in neonatal calves and rats but the biodistribution data lack that of in rodents. Available studies include for pantoprazole estimation in plasma, gastric fluid, or in stomach tissue homogenates.[13],[14],[15],[16]
Therefore, the present study aims to attempt for the estimation of pantoprazole sodium in various tissues of rodents with a minor modification in the extraction procedure, which will lay a pathway for estimation of pantoprazole sodium in various tissues and further could be used as a model to evaluate the amount of pantoprazole in various tissues.
| Materials and Methods | | |
Chemicals and reagents
Pantoprazole (purity > 99%) was obtained as a gift sample from Intas Pharmaceuticals Pvt. Ltd., (Ahmedabad, Gujarat). All solvents, i.e., methanol, acetonitrile and phosphate buffer, orthophosphoric acid, of analytical grade were purchased from S.D. Fine Chem Ltd. (Vadodara, Gujarat). Ultra-pure water was prepared by Milli-Q System from Millipore (Milford, USA). Water for injection was used for the preparation of dosing solutions for animals.
Animals
Swiss albino mice of 10–12 weeks and weighing around 25–30 g were used for the tissue distribution study of pantoprazole sodium. The animals were housed in Maliba Pharmacy College animal house. Animals were kept within temperature range of 21°C–25°C and humidity of 45%–65%, with a 12-h light/dark cycle, and were given full access to food and water. All experimental methods were carried out in compliance with CPCSEA guidelines, and the study was only initiated after receiving approval from the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee (protocol number: MPC/IAEC/06/2020).
Stock solution and calibration standards
Pantoprazole sodium 1 mg/mL standard stock was prepared in deionized water, and subsequent dilutions were made using a mobile phase. In order to attain a standard concentration within the range of 10–50 ng/injection, a serial dilution technique was employed.
Sample preparation and extraction
Sample preparation was done after oral administration of drug. Pantoprazole sodium (10 mg/kg) was administered orally to animals, and after 4 h, the animals were sacrificed using an overdose of urethane. Blood collection was performed through the retro-orbital plexus. Collected blood samples were allowed to clot at the room temperature, and the so-obtained serum after centrifugation was stored at −21°C till further analysis. Followed by blood collection, the animals were dissected, and all the organs, i.e., kidney, heart, prostate, lung, pancreas, liver, and brain, were isolated. The organs were dried, weighed, and stored at −21°C till further analysis. Organs were homogenized in the solvent composed of phosphate buffer (pH = 7.4) and methanol (80:20, %v/v) for 25 min.
After homogenization, the samples were centrifuged for 20 min at 10,000 rpm, and the supernatant so obtained was collected. For the quantification of pantoprazole sodium in collected tissues, 1 mL of tissue supernatant so obtained was taken in eppendorf, and 30 µL of 1 µg/mL of the standard solution was spiked to each eppendorf and was vortexed for at least 20 s. Further, the sample passed through a syringe filter and 100 μL aliquot from each sample vial was injected to the liquid chromatography system.
Instrument and chromatographic conditions
The system consisted of a Shimadzu Prominence LC-20AD (Kyoto, Japan) equipped with an SPD-20A UV-visible detector and SIL-20AC HT autosampler. A Shimadzu C18 reversed-phase column was used with 5.0 μm particle size, 250 mm length, and 0.46 mm internal diameter. High-speed homogenizer (Kinematica, Switzerland) was used for obtaining tissue homogenate. Chromatography was performed at 40°C at a flow rate of 1 mL/min using an isocratic condition with a detection wavelength 290 nm and injection volume 10 µL. The mobile phase consisted of a phosphate buffer: acetonitrile (60:40 %v/v), adjusted to pH = 7.4 with 5% orthophosphoric acid.
Method validation
The validation of the present study method was performed using parameters such as selectivity, linearity, limit of quantitation (LOQ), limit of detection (LOD), precision, and recovery, and the stability study for the solution was considered using the recent version of Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidance for industry[17] and the European Medicines Agency (EMA)[18] on the bioanalytical method validation.
To assess selectivity in each of the examined matrixes, blank plasma samples, and supernatant of kidney, heart, prostate, lung, pancreas, liver, and brain, homogenates from three different mice were analyzed to detect possible endogenous substances that could have the same retention time as that of drug.
Linearity was assessed through calibration curves constructed in five different days (n = 5) using nine calibration standards covering the concentration range of 10–50 ng/injection. Curves were obtained by plotting mean peak area against the corresponding nominal concentrations, being data subjected to a weighted linear regression analysis.
The precision of the methods was ascertained by intraday and interday repeatability precisions. The method’s accuracy was assessed by comparing the area of drug extracted from the plasma to the area of drug standard. The LOD and LOQ of the developed method calculated using the standard deviation (SD) of the intercepts and the mean slope of the calibration curves of pantoprazole sodium using the formula LOD = 3.3 σ/S and LOQ = 10 σ/S, where σ is the SD of the intercepts of five calibration curves and S is the mean slope of five calibration curve.
Method application
The method developed was applied to estimate the drug in the plasma and tissue samples collected in a triplicate manner.
| Results and Discussion | | |
Optimization of sample extraction
Chromatograms of all the tissues did not reveal any significant interference at the retention time of pantoprazole sodium. Hence, protein precipitation with methanol was a crucial step for the optimization of all samples in order to obtain cleaner chromatograms with no significant interferences at pantoprazole sodium retention time. The blank tissue homogenates and plasma samples extracted using the solvent resulted in lesser interferences, although tissue samples had endogenous interferences, but the extraction procedure with methanol and phosphate buffer reduced it as well as the interferences occurred were much before the retention time of pantoprazole sodium. Liver, kidney, and lungs samples showed much protein content, owing to the size and consideration of tissue type, which needed further treatment with methanol to precipitate out the protein remaining.
Method validation
Selectivity
Selectivity regarding the endogenous interferences in retention time was achieved after evaluating blank plasma and supernatants of tissue homogenates from three different animals. Blank chromatograms were overlayed with actual mouse plasma samples to produce representative chromatograms.
Linearity
Nine calibration standards covering over the range of 10–50 ng/injection were used to obtain a calibration curve, which showed to be linear for all tested biological matrices (i.e., plasma and seven tissue samples homogenates). Data are represented in [Table 1][Table 2][Table 3] and in [Figure 2] and [Figure 3].  | Figure 3: Overlay chromatogram for the linearity of reference standard pantoprazole sodium (10–50 ng/injection) by HPLC
Click here to view |
Precision
As per the standards laid by both FDA and EMA guidelines for acceptance criteria, the present method showed to be precise for the estimation of pantoprazole sodium in various tissues of mouse. Data depicted in [Table 4] showed the inter- and intraday % relative standard deviation [%RSD] values that were within the limits as reported by the standard guidelines.
Extraction recovery
Recovery from the mouse plasma was performed with the protein precipitation followed by centrifugation to achieve clear plasma without protein interference. Data as represented in [Table 5] show the recovery from mouse plasma ranged from 64.15% to 78.17%. The present study data fall in accordance to the international validation guidelines, giving a concrete base for the utilization of the developed method for the quantification of pantoprazole sodium in various rodent tissues.
Solution stability
Post analysis of pantoprazole sodium in mouse plasma and all the tissue homogenates, for 72 h, no significant loss of pantoprazole sodium was observed on all the different working conditions. All the samples were analyzed at the room temperature for a minimum of 5 h with two freeze thraw cycles for homogenates stored at −21°C, which were without significant degradation.
Method application
The modified method was validated by the estimation of pantoprazole sodium in various samples including plasma, kidney, heart, prostate, lung, pancreas, liver, and brain upon a single oral administration of pantoprazole sodium (10 mg kg-1) to all the mice. The results for the quantification of pantoprazole sodium in various tissues as shown in [Table 6] as well as the study chromatograms of the analysis of all the samples collected upon the completion of 4 h of pantoprazole sodium administration are shown below [Figure 4][Figure 5][Figure 6][Figure 7][Figure 8][Figure 9][Figure 10][Figure 11][Figure 12][Figure 13], which evidenced estimated concentration falling within calibration range and the method to be having utmost suitability for the analysis of pantoprazole sodium in various tissues of rodents. Moreover, several studies have also demonstrated that pantoprazole sodium and its metabolites build up in the tissues. Additionally, the results revealed inconsistencies between research conducted on veterinary species including calves, dogs, and goats and those conducted on humans.[19] The current work thus paves the way for future research into pantoprazole metabolism as well as the identification and measurement of different pantoprazole metabolites in various tissues where parent drug accumulation occurs.  | Figure 5: Estimation of pantoprazole sodium in blank tissue homogenate of mouse
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 | Figure 6: Estimation of pantoprazole sodium in liver tissue homogenate of mouse
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 | Figure 7: Estimation of pantoprazole sodium in brain homogenate of mouse
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 | Figure 8: Estimation of pantoprazole sodium in heart homogenate of mouse
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 | Figure 10: Estimation of pantoprazole sodium in kidney tissue homogenate of mouse
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 | Figure 11: Estimation of pantoprazole sodium in lung tissue homogenate of mouse
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 | Figure 12: Estimation of pantoprazole sodium in pancreas tissue homogenate of mouse
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 | Figure 13: Estimation of pantoprazole sodium in prostate tissue homogenate of mouse
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| Conclusion | | |
The quantification of pantoprazole sodium in rodent plasma and various tissues including kidney, heart, prostate, lung, pancreas, liver, and brain was successfully performed using a sensitive and simple approach. All the data fall in accordance to international validation guidelines, giving a concrete base for the utilization of developed method for the quantification of pantoprazole sodium in various rodent tissues and can be used for kinetics as well as to quantify the drug at the active targeted site.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
Ethical approval
All procedures were performed in the study only after receiving the ethical approval from Animal Ethics Committee of Maliba Pharmacy College (protocol no.: MPC/IAEC/06/2020).
Authors’ contributions
All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation and data collection were done by BVD. Data analysis and method development were carried out by PD and DD. Conceptualization and supervision of the work were done by BV. The first draft of the article was written by BVD and PD, and the review of the article was done by RV. All authors commented on previous versions of the article. All authors read and approved the final article.
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[Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3], [Figure 4], [Figure 5], [Figure 6], [Figure 7], [Figure 8], [Figure 9], [Figure 10], [Figure 11], [Figure 12], [Figure 13]
[Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3], [Table 4], [Table 5], [Table 6]
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