Dispersible tablet is a new form of tablet which any dose of it is dispersed in a small amount of water to create a uniform suspension. The advantage of this formulation is its better and faster effect, no need to swallow, more stability compared to suspension, better taste and greater acceptance by the patients especially kids and elders. This study aimed to design and formulize dispersible tablets including Co- Amoxiclav 228 and 312 mg for enhancement of stability and easier usage and consumption. Co amoxiclav dispersible pill was made by dry granulation method using superdisintegrants ingredients such as crospovidone, croscarmellose sodium and sodium starch glycolate and effervescent materials such as citric acid and sodium bicarbonate. The mixed powder was tested in terms of compressibility, particle size distribution and powders flowability. Some tests were performed for determination of assay, content uniformity, hardness and friability of tablet, weight variation, wetting time, water absorption ratio and disintegration of tablets. Prepared granules had good flowability, compressibility and the hardness and friaibility of tablets were in an acceptable range in most formulations. Formulations made by effervescent bases E₃ and E₄ had disintegration time of 25 and 35 seconds and S₁, S₄ and S₅ formulations made from superdisintegrants materials showed the disintegration time of 260, 262 and 275 seconds. E₄ formulation containing amoxicillin trihydrate, potassium clavulanate, citric acid, sodium bicarbonate, manitol, aspartame and PEG 6000 had 25 sec disintegration time and 40 N hardness.

Stevia is a natural and non-caloric sweetener which most used in food and drug industries. In the present study, we focused on optimization of cell dedifferentiation and callus induction in stevia. In order to evaluation of growth regulators and explant types effects on callus induction, a factorial experiment was carried out in two factors and based on completely randomized design in four replications. The factor A included different levels of benzene adenin in three levels (0.0, 0.5 and 1.0 mg/l), Naphthalene acetic acid in four levels (0.0, 0.5, 1 and 2 mg/l), 2-4-D in three levels (0, 1 and 2 mg/l). The factor B comprised two levels of explant (leaf and stem) that were evaluated. The experiment was performed on Tissue Culture Lab in Kermanshah Industrial University. Analysis of variance for data results showed that there were significant differences among levels of plant explants for callus induction (P<0.05). However differences among above levels were not significant for callus growth rate. There were significant differences among plant growth regulators levels for callus induction and callus growth rate (P<0.01). Interaction effects were not significant for above two traits. Means comparison for plant growth regulators via Duncan's test (p<0.5) showed that medium plants supplemented with N0.5B0.5 was the best medium for callus induction (97.5%). The medium included N1B1 showed the highest callus growth rate (0.1 mm/day). In conclusion, we described a role of plant growth regulators and explant types on callus induction in stevia.

Gundelia tournefortii L. is an important food source and a well-known medicinal plant in Iran. In the present study, the Hydro-distilled volatile oil from the aerial parts of G. tournefortii was investigated by GC-MS and GC. A total of 41 compounds representing 96.2% of the volatile oil were identified. The main constituents were thymol (11.2%), γ-terpinene (9.8%), germacrene D (6.6%) and p-cymene (6.3%). The antimicrobial activities of different extracts of G. tournefortii were examined against five Gram-positive and four Gram-negative bacteria. The antioxidant activities of different extracts were evaluated with DPPH radical scavenging activity and their relationship with the phenolic composition were also determined spectrophotometerically. Methanol extract of G. tournefortii showed the strongest antioxidant activity (IC₅₀= 40.3 μg/ml) and the highest total phenolic content (103.4 mgGA/g extract). Ethyl acetate extract demonstrated antibacterial effect against Bacillus cereus, Bacillus pumilus and Bacillus subtilis strains in concentration of 7.5 mg/ml. The data of this study suggests that the essential oil and extracts from G. tournefortii has great potential for application as a prospective source of antioxidant and antimicrobial agent in pharmaceutical and food industries.

Lactic acidosis (lactate accumulation and pH downfall) occurs in a number of clinical conditions and has deleterious effects on the patient's survival. Sodium bicarbonate and tromethamine are administrated in these conditions. However, these compounds adjust only the blood pH and do not affected the lactate level. In this study, administration of polyamines was hypothesized as a novel approach for treatment of lactate accumulation. For this purpose, the impact of different polyamines on the experimental model of acidosis was evaluated. In this study, the rats were divided into different groups and lactic acidosis type B was induced in them. Blood lactate was measured before and after acidosis in rats along with polyamines administration. Statistical analysis showed that polyamines such as putrescine, cadaverine and spermidine had significant effects on the lactate level, whereas sodium bicarbonate and tromethamine had no effect on it. These findings supported the advantageous effects of polyamines in treatment of lactate accumulation and can have implications for treatment of acidosis in human. Therefore, polyamines are proposed as an effective treatment for lactic acidosis.

The present study was aimed to evaluate the hypoglycemic and potential insulinotropic effects of hydroalcoholic extract and hexane fraction of Persian shallot on streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats. Forty nine male Wistar rats were divided into seven groups. Diabetic control and normal control received normal saline; diabetic groups received hydroalcoholic extract (500 mg/kg), hexane fraction (7 mg/kg) of Persian shallot or glibenclamide (5 m/kg) for 14 days. To measure the levels of blood glucose and insulin, blood samples of animals were collected at first, 7th and 14th days of experiment. After treatment, decreases of blood glucose levels of two treated groups were 78.73 and 100.44 %, respectively compared to glibenclamide treated group. The most effective fraction to reduce blood glucose was hexane fraction. On the other hand, hydroalcoholic extract and hexane fraction did not induce any significant effects on serum insulin level. Based on the results, it is concluded that Persian shallot exhibit promising hypoglycaemic activity in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Hypoglycaemic effect of shallot could represent a protective mechanism against the development of hyperglycaemia characteristics of diabetes mellitus.

Multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (MEWDS) is an inflammatory eye disease which causes decreasing in visual acuity even to 20/400. So far, no molecular pathway has been suggested for MEWDS. Although no exact treatment is suggested for MEWDS, two major medications are being used for treatment already; anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) monoclonal anti-bodies and methylprednisolone. Cannabinoids are known as active compounds of Cannabina Sativa with wide variety of biological activities. Methylprednisolone is able to inhibit inflammation through suppressing Interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). According to the data, cannabinoids are able to inhibit both angiogenesis and inflammation by targeting VEGF, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α and other related angiogenic and inflammatory cytokines. Thus herein authors of this study suggest cannabinoids for treatment of MEWDS since it covers both inhibition of angiogenesis and inflammation. However, feature complementary studies are necessary in the field.

Herbs that possess immune modulating properties may be useful in reducing the risk of various radiation induced outcome in radiation therapy patients. The carumopticum extract has now been investigated for its effects on radiation induced apoptosis in blood cells. This study proposes a flowcytometry based method that uses fluorescein-annexin V binding FITC and propidium Iodide to enumerate viable, necrotic, and early and late apoptotic cells within specific subsets of a heterogeneous culture. Blood samples from healthy adult man with no mutagens materials contact history was collected in heparinized tubes. The peripheral blood T-cells that were isolated from blood samples cultured and irradiated while Carumopticum (Zenian in persian) extract was added to aquatic culture media just an hour before radiation treatment. So the irradiated cells underwent apoptosis and apoptotic cells were enumerated by annexin-V protocol and multicolor flow cytometry. The results suggest that Carumopticum(ajowan) extract can potentiate the radiation induced apoptosis of PBLCs(73%).The results suggest that Carumopticum (ajowan) extract can enhance the radiation toxicity in blood T.cells (P < 0.05).

Recently, based on herbal medicine of Iran, an herbal drug with medical effects named MigriHeal^®, has been registered; it helps in prevention of migraine headache strokes. In this study, MigriHeal was administered for pure migraine patients and the aim of this study is proteomic analysis of plasma from patients with migraine headaches before and after treatment with MigriHeal^®. Before and after administration of MigriHeal^®, patient's plasma was obtained, and then 2DE (2-dimensional electrophoresis) proteomic analysis of 11 patients was done. The Progenesis Same Spots ver.4 software was used for statistical analysis of the gels; according to ANOVA test analysis, we showed that the expression of two proteins named alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein (p-value: 0.023) and alpha-1-B-glycoprotein (p-value: 0.008) was decreased. Two identified proteins have anti-inflammatory effects and based on this finding we concluded inflammation is a pathologic mechanism of migraine, presumably, MigriHeal^® has anti-inflammatory effects. Although these are not specific for the migraine and are altered in other diseases, these two proteins may be migraine biomarkers if measured simultaneously with quantitative methods in an expanded population.